Photo-enhanced reaction engineering for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries: From mechanisms and materials to system design

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs), renowned for their high theoretical energy density, are plagued by the notorious polysulfide shuttle effect and sluggish sulfur redox kinetics. Recently, extensive research has been conducted on integrating solar energy into LSBs to address these issues, an approach that has spurred significant research interest. This review systematically summarizes the latest advancements in photo-enhanced lithium–sulfur batteries (PE-LSBs). It begins by elucidating the fundamental mechanisms of multiple photo-enhanced effects, including photocatalytic, photoconductive, photo-charging, and photothermal effects, which collectively contribute to performance improvements. Subsequently, it discusses the operational principles and system architectures of two distinct device configurations: photo-rechargeable and photo-assisted systems. This is followed by a comprehensive summary of the development of various photoelectrodes, highlighting how rational material design regulates reaction pathways. Advanced characterization techniques and theoretical simulations are also discussed to elucidate photoelectrochemical coupling mechanisms. Finally, based on a comprehensive review of current advancements, perspectives are offered on future research directions for PE-LSBs, providing valuable insights for the rational construction and practical application of high-performance LSBs. • A systematic overview of photo-enhanced lithium–sulfur batteries is presented. • The fundamental mechanisms of multiple photo-enhanced effects are elucidated. • Rational photoelectrode design and advanced characterization methods are highlighted. • Forward-looking perspectives are offered to guide future research on PE-LSBs.