Exploring Non-Genetic Factors in Cancer Resistance among Ramsar Residents: From Medical Geology to the Role of Diet: A Review

Ramsar in northern Iran provides a unique natural setting to investigate the biological effects of exposure to chronic radiation and the potential adaptive mechanisms. It is owing to its exceptional high concentrations of radium in sedimentary rocks, hot springs, and the elevated indoor radon levels. Despite prolonged exposure, available evidences did not demonstrate an increased incidence of cancer among local residents, which may indicate adaptive biological responses or protective lifestyle factors, although a causal relationship has not been established. Beyond potential genetic influences, it can be hypothesized that the predominantly vegetarian diet of Ramsar inhabitants, rich in raw vegetables, fruits, nuts, and garlic, may contribute to the reduced cancer risk through its antioxidant andanti-inflammatory effects. To explore the relatively low cancer incidence observed in this population, this review assessed existing evidences in relation to the potential protective role of diet against cancer and compared these findings with populations consuming acidogenic diets high in processed foods and animal proteins. The evidences collectively suggested that lifestyle and dietary factors may influence the biological impact of environmental stressors such as chronic exposure to natural radiations.