Acute Bacterial Septicemia in a Critically Endangered Roloway Monkey in a Primate Breeding Center at the Accra Zoological Garden, Ghana: A Case Report

This case report explains the cause of death of a roloway monkey (<i>Cercopithecus roloway</i>), a critically endangered primate native to the Upper Guinea forests of West Africa, that was kept for captive breeding and conservation at the Accra Zoological Garden's primate breeding center in Ghana. <i>Sweetpea</i>, a "15-year-old" female Roloway monkey, was found dead on September 21, 2018, without prior signs of illness. Gross and histopathological findings revealed acute fibrinous pneumonia, septicemia, and myocardial necrosis, while bacterial culture of lung tissue and thoracic fluid yielded <i>β</i>-hemolytic <i>Streptococcus</i> spp., implicating it as the likely cause of death. Whereas species-level identification was not performed due to resource limitations, isolation of this species in pure culture supports its implication in this case, leaning on the published knowledge of its primary role in bacterial septicemia and pneumonia and other soft tissue infections in monkeys, even in captivity. Roloway monkeys (<i>Cercopithecus roloway</i>) are critically endangered primates native to the Upper Guinea forests of West Africa. This report describes the sudden death of a 15-year-old female at the Accra Zoological Garden and the subsequent diagnostic investigation, which revealed <i>β</i>-hemolytic <i>Streptococcus</i> spp. as the causative agent of acute pneumonia and septicemia. This case underscores the need for structured health monitoring in captive breeding programs and highlights veterinary and husbandry measures crucial to conservation efforts. Additionally, a uterine leiomyosarcoma was detected, which may explain Sweetpea's failure to reproduce despite long-term pairing. This case highlights the importance of surveillance for beta-hemolytic streptococci in captive monkeys, more so the endangered species.