A comprehensive review of microgrid architectures, power management and resilient operation

Increasing renewable energy penetration, dynamic distributed generation, and the need for resilient localized energy systems have introduced significant technical and operational challenges in modern power networks. Addressing these complexities requires a thorough understanding of microgrid architectures, control mechanisms, and protection systems. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of microgrid systems, focusing on architectural configurations, power-sharing control strategies, and advanced protection mechanisms. Key aspects including fault detection, islanding detection, grid synchronization, low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) compliance, and seamless transition between operating modes are examined. The integration of emerging technologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence for improving microgrid control, fault classification and optimization is also explored. In addition, the paper highlights the significant operational challenges and outlines the future research directions necessary for advancing robust, efficient, and sustainable decentralized energy systems. • Reviews AC, DC, and hybrid microgrid architectures, outlining topologies, benefits, and operational challenges. • Covers conventional and intelligent power management, including droop variants, reverse/angle droop, and virtual impedance. • Addresses resilient operation: fault and islanding detection, LVRT, load shedding, and smooth grid synchronization. • Discusses AI/ML-based control, fault diagnosis, optimization, and future directions for resilient, sustainable microgrids.