Is “Open Stone Surgery with Intraoperative Nephroscopy” a Better Alternative to Percutaneous Stone Removal for Complex Kidney Stones in Resource-Constrained Rural Settings?: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study

Single-session OSS with Nephroscopic clearance can achieve a higher stone-free rate. Although the morbidity of OSS is considerably higher than that of PNL, it may be safe and effective for managing complex stone burdens in resource-constrained rural areas of developing countries.