An integrated STEM–CBE–ELT framework for engineering education: Bridging theory and practice in resource-constrained contexts

This study introduces and validates an integrated learning framework that combines Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics education, Competency-Based Education, and Experiential Learning Theory to bridge the gap between theory and practice in electrical–electronic engineering programs in Vietnam. Implemented through a design-based research approach in an Automatic Control Engineering course, the framework was applied across several technical universities using iterative cycles of design, intervention, and reflection. Open-source digital simulations, project-based learning tasks, and ABET-aligned competency assessments were incorporated to ensure feasibility, rigor, and alignment with international standards in resource-constrained environments. Quantitative findings from pre–post surveys (N = 250) and comparative analyses with a control group (N = 247) revealed significant gains in five competency domains—technical problem-solving, systems thinking, teamwork and technical communication, digital simulation, and presentation and technical argumentation—with effect sizes ranging from 1.29 to 1.56, indicating large to very large impacts. Complementary qualitative evidence highlighted stronger theory–practice integration, higher engagement, increased motivation, and greater learner confidence when applying theoretical concepts to authentic engineering tasks. Overall, the results indicate that the integrated Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics-Competency-Based Education- Experiential Learning Theory framework offers a cost-effective, scalable, and pedagogically robust model for strengthening engineering competencies in low-resource settings, providing actionable implications for curriculum designers, instructors, and policymakers seeking to align engineering education with contemporary international quality and accreditation standards.