Endosymbiont Infections in Korean Insects: Patterns Across Orders and Habitat Types

Endosymbiotic bacteria influence the ecology and evolution of insects through complex associations within host cells. To explore how these relationships vary among environments and taxa, we examined 1028 insect specimens from 14 orders across Korea for infections by three representative endosymbionts (<i>Wolbachia</i>, <i>Rickettsia</i>, and <i>Spiroplasma</i>). Overall, 33.8% of specimens were infected, with single infections predominating and co-infections remaining relatively less common. Weak-to-modest but statistically significant associations were detected between several symbiont pairs (<i>Rickettsia-Spiroplasma</i>, <i>Wolbachia-Spiroplasma</i>, and <i>Wolbachia-Rickettsia</i>). Infection rates exhibited no significant variation among host orders except for <i>Spiroplasma</i>, and <i>Wolbachia</i> infections were more frequently detected in terrestrial than in aquatic insects. These results indicate that endosymbiont infection patterns might be shaped by factors operating at multiple biological scales, including host taxonomy and habitat types. As this study relied on polymerase chain reaction detection, infection frequencies should be interpreted as comparative rather than absolute measures. This survey provides baseline data that might help characterize regional patterns of endosymbiont distributions and their variation across taxonomic and ecological contexts.