Egg Consumption and Human Health: A Comprehensive Review of the Effects on Serum Lipids, Antioxidant Status, and Cardiovascular Outcomes

Eggs are a highly nutritious food and an excellent source of carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, which contribute to antioxidant defenses and ocular health. However, eggs have been viewed skeptically because of their impact on serum cholesterol levels. This review summarizes the evidence from clinical trials, observational studies, and worldwide ecological studies relating egg consumption to serum lipid profiles, antioxidant status, and cardiovascular outcomes. Recent meta-analyses on egg consumption have reported an increase in serum cholesterol but limited or no impact on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease risk. Clinical studies have reported that the additional consumption of an egg per day for 4 weeks improved high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and decreased oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels. Most recently, a cross-sectional study of Japanese patients who underwent coronary angiography reported no significant association between egg intake and the prevalence of coronary artery disease or multi-vessel disease. Among patients not receiving lipid-lowering drugs, moderate egg intake (3-4 eggs/week) was associated with a lower prevalence of multi-vessel disease. Furthermore, worldwide ecological analyses have identified a significant negative association between egg intake and the incidence and mortality of ischemic heart disease. Given their high nutritional value, relatively low cost, and the evidence presented, eggs could contribute to healthy diets in many countries worldwide.