Immunohistochemical and metabolomic analysis of Tibetan medicine triphala in response to pancreatic tissues of diabetic rats

Tibetan Medicine Triphala (THL), consisting of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia bellerica, and Terminalia chebula, is a traditional Tibetan remedy for diabetes mellitus (DM). This study investigated THL's pancreatic metabolomic effects and impacts on paracrine factors (glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide) in diabetic rats. Rats were divided into six groups, gavaged for 8 weeks, with weekly blood glucose/body weight monitoring. THL reduced serum glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, elevated insulin, restored pancreatic β-cell function, downregulated α/δ/pp cell expressions, normalized 5 key differential metabolites, and modulated four core metabolic pathways, exerting antidiabetic effects.