Disaster Chains Induced by Disturbances in Major Projects under Special Environments：State of Art and Challenges

As China’s major projects advance into special environmental regions such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau，as well as frontier fields including deep earth，deep sea，and polar regions，disaster chains induced by engineering disturbances have become a core challenge threatening project safety and ecological protection. This paper integrates typical domestic and international cases，theoretical achievements，and technical practices，and conducts analysis from three dimensions：it clarifies the classification of engineering disturbance-induced disaster chains into three types，regional （fault activation，reservoir-induced earthquakes），surface （collapses，landslides，etc.），and underground （rock bursts，water inrushes，etc.），and reveals the synergistic disaster-breeding mechanisms involving special rock and soil，climate-tectonic coupling，and engineering disturbances （slope cutting，water storage，etc.）；it analyzes the disaster-causing mechanisms of nonlinear coupling of multiple forces （endogenic forces，exogenic forces，engineering forces） and mutual feedback of multiple fields （stress field，seepage field，temperature field），and sorts out risk assessment methods；it summarizes the progress of monitoring，early warning，and prevention and control technologies for engineering-disturbed disaster chains，and points out bottlenecks such as the lack of multi-system coupling theory and insufficient technology for extreme environment prevention and control. The study shows that disaster chains induced by engineering disturbances under special environments are characterized by “cascading amplification and spatiotemporal correlation”. In the future，it is necessary to strengthen the research on multi-field and multi-scale coupling theory and the integration of intelligent and green technologies to build a full-chain prevention and control system. The results can provide theoretical support for major projects such as mountainous area railways and large river basin cascade hydropower projects in terms of disaster prevention and safety control，and enhance the disaster prevention and mitigation capacity of China’s major projects.