Synergistic therapy for diabetic retinopathy via dual blockade of VEGF-A and TNF-α with a bispecific nanobody

Our findings demonstrate that Nb-TV mechanistically dual-targets the TNF-α/NF-κB and VEGF-A/MAPK pathways, mitigating both inflammation and angiogenesis synergistically. This validates Nb-TV as a novel bispecific nanobody with promising therapeutic potential for DR by simultaneously modulating key pathological pathways. This study not only proposes a strategic approach for refractory DR but also provides a framework for targeting other multifactorial ocular and systemic diseases.