Radiomics for Predicting the Efficacy of Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Radiomics Quality Score Assessment

CT/MRI-based radiomics uses routine imaging to non-invasively quantify whole-tumor phenotype and heterogeneity, enabling repeatable, longitudinal assessment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Evidence suggests that it can help to identify patients likely to benefit from immunotherapy before treatment. However, clinical implementation requires standardized imaging and analysis protocols, external validation, and transparent reporting.