Efficient measurement error mitigation with subsystem-balanced Pauli twirling

Measurement error mitigation (MEM) is essential for realizing reliable quantum computation. Model-free measurement error mitigation (MF-MEM) is an important class of MEM methods that employs Pauli twirling—typically with a random twirling set—to convert measurement noise into a state-independent scaling factor, thereby enabling error mitigation through simple calibration. However, such methods face prohibitive sampling overhead, limiting their scalability. To address this, we introduce subsystem-balanced Pauli twirling (SB-PT), a twirling method designed for MF-MEM that enforces Pauli operator balance on measuring subsystems to selectively suppress dominant measurement noise. Theoretically, for a weight- <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <a:mi>τ</a:mi> </a:math> Pauli observable, SB-PT removes all independent error components using only <b:math xmlns:b="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <b:mrow> <b:mi mathvariant="script">O</b:mi> <b:mo>(</b:mo> <b:msup> <b:mn>4</b:mn> <b:mi>τ</b:mi> </b:msup> <b:mo>)</b:mo> </b:mrow> </b:math> random circuits, substantially reducing the sampling overhead over conventional Pauli twirling. This efficiency gain is most significant for sparse observables. To extend such resource-efficient mitigation to arbitrary observables, we generalize and integrate a hardware-efficient measurement transformation framework that converts high-weight Pauli operators into low-weight effective ones via linear-depth circuits. The circuit noise introduced during this transformation is jointly mitigated with native measurement noise using a unified twirling protocol, ensuring robust performance. Extensive numerical simulations demonstrate a greater than 16-fold improvement in sampling efficiency over conventional random twirling, with consistent performance gains across varying system sizes and error regimes. This work provides a resource-frugal and experimentally viable path toward high-fidelity measurement in near-term quantum devices.