Evolutionary taxonomy and conservation status of environmentally sensitive and endangered musk deer ( <i>Moschus</i> spp.): An updated review

Abstract The genus Moschus , or musk deer, is endemic to Asia and comprises seven species that live from alpine meadows to dense forests. Musk deer are renowned for producing musk, a substance highly prized in traditional medicine and perfumery, which has led to severe poaching and dramatic population declines. With global climate change, the expansion of human activities such as agriculture, road construction and illegal logging has significantly increased the destruction of musk deer habitat, further threatening the survival of these species. Legal protections, including national level I status in China and CITES Appendix I listing, have been implemented to combat poaching and support conservation, but the population status of musk deer remains precarious. For a long time, the classification of musk deer has been confusing and not clearly recognized, which is not conducive to the conservation of musk deer and the development and implementation of policy, resulting in a lack of attention to the species. This study provides a comprehensive review of the historical taxonomic and evolutionary background of musk deer and presents their current global distribution and conservation status. This work aims to enhance public understanding of these threatened species and inform ongoing conservation efforts.