Challenges for the development of maritime autonomous surface ships

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current developments and challenges of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), defined by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) as commercial vessels capable of operating with minimal or no onboard crew. The study aims to clarify the technological, regulatory, and operational factors shaping the transition toward autonomous shipping and to identify the key challenges that must be addressed for successful implementation. It examines IMO regulations and the established degree of autonomy, followed by a review of existing MASS prototypes, summarising their power systems, propulsion technologies, degree of autonomy, and development timelines. The paper then analyses the integration of critical technologies, including collision avoidance, path-following, and path-planning systems, highlighting their potential and limitations. Furthermore, it discusses the economic implications, safety concerns, and cybersecurity risks associated with autonomous operations, as well as the emerging regulatory frameworks guiding MASS deployment. By synthesising insights across these domains, this study contributes to a clearer understanding of the current state and prospects of MASS, offering a foundation for further research, policy development, and industry innovation.