Chemical Composition, Antithrombotic and Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of the Essential Oil From Two Black Ginger Species in Vietnam

ABSTRACT The current study evaluated the chemical composition, antithrombotic and anti‐inflammatory effects of the essential oils from two black ginger species in Vietnam: Distichochlamys citrea (EO‐DC) and Kaempferia parviflora (EO‐KP). GC–MS results showed that EO‐DC is mainly composed of oxygenated monoterpenes (89.67%), in which geranial (23.90%), 1,8‐cineole (23.45%) and neral (15.59%) were found as predominant compounds. In contrast, EO‐KP was rich in monoterpenes (53.55%) with camphene (19.12%), β‐pinene (18.88%) and α‐pinene (10.79%) as the most abundant constituents. At 2 mg/mL, both ginger essential oils exhibited potent suppressive activity against platelet aggregation triggered by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), by reducing the maximal percentage of aggregation (% Inhibition > 95%), slope and overall area under the aggregation curve. At 20 mg/mL, EO‐DC significantly prolonged the clotting time via the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and the prothrombin time (PT) (APTT: 62.35 ± 8.13 s and PT: 14.33 ± 1.95 s), while EO‐KP only lengthened APTT (52.20 ± 14.57 s). None of the samples displayed anticoagulant activity via the thrombin time (TT). Moreover, EO‐DC (IC 50 : 42.72 ± 0.84 μg/mL) outperformed EO‐KP (IC 50 : 53.47 ± 0.71 μg/mL) on inhibiting NO production in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Molecular docking revealed that key constituents, including geranyl acetate, geraniol and neral from EO‐DC and linalool from EO‐KP, bound favourably to targets involved in coagulation and platelet aggregation (e.g., Factor Xa, VKOR, COX‐1, PAR1), suggesting a multi‐target anticoagulant mechanism. These findings support the potential of black ginger essential oils in managing inflammation and cardiovascular disorders and warrant further pharmacological investigation.