Global Case Studies in Biophilic Urbanism: Lessons from Leading Cities

The Biophilic City (BC) approach integrates nature into urban practices to achieve sustainability, resilience, and human well-being. This approach aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 15 (Life on Land), by promoting nature-based urban strategies that strengthen ecological resilience and foster inclusive access to green spaces. This study examines biophilic policies in three benchmark cities—Singapore, Portland, and Vitoria-Gasteiz—through a comparative analysis of biophilic infrastructure, governance systems, public engagement mechanisms, and implementation challenges. Key success factors identified include strong governance leadership, broad community involvement, and innovative funding mechanisms, while common barriers involve land-use competition, urban density, and policy fragmentation. The study further identifies adaptive strategies and success patterns that demonstrate how cities can effectively tailor biophilic principles to local contexts. It offers targeted recommendations for embedding biophilic design in urban planning through flexible, culturally responsive frameworks. Findings contribute to sustainable urban design discourse by showcasing transferable practices that promote ecological integration and social equity.