Molecular Genetics as a Catalyst for Sustainable Aquaculture in Egypt: A Systematic Review

Aquaculture is one of Egypt's fastest-growing food production sectors, playing a vital role in national food security, employment, and economic growth. However, its rapid expansion faces significant challenges, including limited water resources, environmental pressures, climate change, and the need for genetic improvement of cultured species. This systematic review evaluates how molecular genetics can serve as a catalyst for sustainable aquaculture development in Egypt. Molecular genetics offers powerful tools to accelerate selective breeding, enhance disease resistance, improve feed efficiency, and conserve valuable genetic resources. Techniques such as DNA marker-assisted selection, genomic sequencing, transcriptomics, and environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring can provide precise insights into population structure, genetic diversity, and adaptive traits of economically important species like the Nile tilapia, mullet, and catfish. Through a systematic analysis of published evidence, this review synthesizes the impact of genetic technologies on sustainability outcomes, including productivity, environmental resilience, and resource efficiency. It also highlights policy frameworks, capacity building, and technological innovations needed to integrate genetic technologies into national aquaculture development plans. By combining traditional aquaculture knowledge with modern molecular tools, Egypt can achieve sustainable growth, safeguard biodiversity, and strengthen its position as a leader in aquaculture production within the Middle East and North Africa.