Prediction Model for Low Bone Mineral Density in Cancer Survivors and Age-Matched Controls Using a Causal Bayesian Network: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Korea

Causal Bayesian network modeling identified muscle mass as a key modifiable factor influencing BMD among cancer survivors. These findings highlight the importance of muscle-preserving lifestyle interventions, including resistance exercise and adequate protein intake, in survivorship care. The CBN approach provides a framework for identifying individualized risk pathways and can support personalized bone-health management strategies in clinical practice.