Technical Report on the TSTOF Measurement Method: Technical Basics, Historical Development, and Comparison with Other Laser-Based Measurement Methods

The TSTOF stands for the time-shift time-of-flight measurement method, which is used to characterize individual dynamic particles—such as droplets in droplet clouds or particles in flows—in various industrial applications. Over the past 15 years, this method has become increasingly important and is valued in particular for its ease of use and compact design. So far, however, there is no technical report that deals exclusively and systematically with TSTOF technology. In the scientific literature, the method is usually only treated in connection with specific applications—theoretical or experimental—but is rarely presented in its entirety. Often the citations are incomplete or do not refer to scientifically validated sources. Current technical developments are usually not adequately considered, while non-scientific publications often take up technical aspects uncritically without referring to verifiable data. This report describes the technical foundations of the TSTOF measurement method, presents its historical development, and systematically compares it with established laser-based methods.

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Publication Details

Journal
Photonics
Published
2026-01-07
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13010056
Primary Topic
Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows
Type
article
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article

Technical Report on the TSTOF Measurement Method: Technical Basics, Historical Development, and Comparison with Other Laser-Based Measurement Methods

Patrick Stegmann, Walter Schaefer, M Terada, Lingxi Li
Photonics
Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows
article

Technical Report on the TSTOF Measurement Method: Technical Basics, Historical Development, and Comparison with Other Laser-Based Measurement Methods

Patrick Stegmann, Walter Schaefer, M Terada, Lingxi Li
article en

Abstract

The TSTOF stands for the time-shift time-of-flight measurement method, which is used to characterize individual dynamic particles—such as droplets in droplet clouds or particles in flows—in various industrial applications. Over the past 15 years, this method has become increasingly important and is valued in particular for its ease of use and compact design. So far, however, there is no technical report that deals exclusively and systematically with TSTOF technology. In the scientific literature, the method is usually only treated in connection with specific applications—theoretical or experimental—but is rarely presented in its entirety. Often the citations are incomplete or do not refer to scientifically validated sources. Current technical developments are usually not adequately considered, while non-scientific publications often take up technical aspects uncritically without referring to verifiable data. This report describes the technical foundations of the TSTOF measurement method, presents its historical development, and systematically compares it with established laser-based methods.

PhotonicsVol. 13(1)
Goddard Space Flight Center (US), Universität Hamburg (DE), Shimada Municipal Hospital (JP), Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (US), ai-quanton GmbH, University of Maryland, College Park (US), HAW Hamburg (DE)
Industry, innovation and infrastructure
Openalex Percentile: Top 95%
Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows
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