Strain-Modified Raman Responses in Monolayer MoS ₂ Nanobubbles Resolved at 5 nm

The formation of nanoscale bubbles is an unavoidable consequence during the transfer of 2D materials onto target substrates, driven by van der Waals interactions at the interface. While often viewed as imperfections, these nanoscale bubbles have garnered considerable scientific interest due to the substantial in-plane strain gradients they induce, which in turn give rise to a variety of intriguing optoelectronic effects, particularly in semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides. Determining and analyzing the strain distribution within nanobubbles at the nanoscale are crucial for advancing our understanding of these underlying strain-induced effects. Here, we present a high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy-based tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopic investigation of localized nanoscale strain distribution within the nanobubbles formed between monolayer MoS₂ and Au interface. By employing cryogenic temperature (78 K), we successfully differentiate the nanoscale Raman signatures between the nanobubble edge and pristine MoS₂. We verify a maximum tensile strain of ∼1.15-1.34% at the nanobubble edge, which gradually diminishes toward the center, yielding a cross-sectional strain profile consistent with a doughnut-shaped distribution. Furthermore, we report to achieve ∼5 nm spatial resolution in probing such edge-localized strain within the nanobubble. In addition, comparative average strain analysis of such MoS₂ nanobubbles is conducted via geometric mechanistic analysis, such as membrane and nonlinear plate theories, providing key insight into the geometric nature near the bubble edge. Our findings provide fundamental information about strain-induced nanoscale chemical understanding of 2D materials on the nanometer scale, paving the way for practical applications of nanobubbles in strain-engineered optoelectronic devices.