The role of resilience in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and psychosis and bipolar symptoms

Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including abuse, neglect and household challenges, have been linked to various mental health outcomes, including psychosis and bipolar symptoms. Research indicates a 57–80% increased risk of psychosis among individuals exposed to ACEs. Aim This study examines the relationship between ACEs and psychotic/bipolar symptoms in Kenyan adolescents, assessing resilience as a potential moderator or mediator. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted in Nairobi and Kiambu counties, Kenya. A total of 1972 youth, aged 14–25 years, were recruited and completed questionnaires focusing on ACEs (Trauma and Distress Scale), psychosis/bipolar symptoms (Washington Early Recognition Center Affectivity and Psychosis screen) and resilience (Adult Resilience Measure +16). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were used to assess the relationships between ACEs and psychosis/bipolar symptoms. SPSS Process macro was employed to examine the moderating/mediating role of resilience. Results Emotional abuse and physical abuse were significantly associated with higher psychosis and bipolar symptoms ( P < 0.001). Emotional neglect negatively impacted bipolar symptoms ( P = 0.042). Resilience moderated the relationship between sexual abuse and psychosis, but not bipolar symptoms. Mediation analysis showed that resilience partially mediated the relationships between sexual abuse and both psychosis and bipolar symptoms. Conclusions ACEs, particularly emotional and physical abuse, are significant predictors of psychosis and bipolar symptoms in Kenyan youth. Resilience may play a key role in moderating and mediating these relationships, particularly in cases of sexual abuse. Developing resilience-focused interventions could help mitigate the long-term effects of ACEs on mental health.