Social-Ecological System Perspective to Identify Specific Factors in Building Mangrove Resilience on a Small Island

Mangrove ecosystems on small islands are critical for coastal communities but are increasingly threatened by environmental and social pressures. A holistic approach that integrates social and ecological dynamics is needed to address these challenges. This study applied the Social-Ecological Systems (SES) framework to identify key factors contributing to mangrove resilience on Tanakeke Island, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Field research was conducted from June to September 2024 using observations, interviews, and a literature review. Connectivity among variables was analyzed using Social-Ecological Network Analysis (SENA), while Qualitative Network Modelling and Simulation (QNMS) was used to simulate intervention scenarios. Results showed that mangrove cover, regeneration area, number of fish, logging, aquaculture conversion, and alternative incomes were key factors in the system. Mangrove cover strongly influenced connectivity and stability, while regeneration and fish abundance were related to its condition. Logging and pond conversion exerted pressure, while alternative incomes reduced dependence on these activities. Surveillance, alternative livelihoods, and rehabilitation emerged as priority interventions. Simulations showed that combining these three strategies increased adaptive capacity, reduced pressure, and supported recovery more effectively than single interventions. These findings underscore the need for SES-based strategies to build mangrove resilience, especially in small islands vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures.