Temporal patterns of motor and nonmotor symptom emergence in Parkinson’s disease: a cluster analysis

Temporal patterns of nonmotor symptom emergence are heterogeneous and are highly influenced by onset age. Older-onset patients showed a higher burden of nonmotor symptoms and worse cognitive function, with symptom emergence occurring either before or after motor symptom onset. Characterizing these symptom-emergence patterns may help refine the clinical classification of Parkinson's disease and support more individualized evaluation and management.