The effectiveness of virtual reality for K-12 foreign language learning: a systematic review of recent randomized controlled trials

Across a small and heterogeneous set of recent RCTs, immersive VR shows promising effects, especially for long-term retention. However, the evidence for immediate learning gains is inconclusive. A more critical finding is the profound heterogeneity and methodological concerns within the evidence base, which preclude any single, overarching conclusion about VR's effectiveness.