Physiotherapy based on energy as a valuable form of treatment for vulvar lichen sclerosus: a review of the literature

Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is an inflammatory, non-neoplastic dermatosis affecting individuals of all ages, with symptomatic peaks often observed during puberty and menopause. The primary symptoms of VLS include progressive vulvar itching and pain, which can lead to vulvar scarring and sexual dysfunction in later stages, significantly affecting the quality of life for patients. Currently, despite the availability of numerous therapeutic options, treatment outcomes remain less than satisfactory. Energy-based physical therapies, such as photodynamic therapy, laser therapy and high-intensity focused ultrasound, have demonstrated positive therapeutic effects on VLS in various pioneering studies. This review aims to provide an overview of the research progress and potential mechanisms of these physical therapies in the context of VLS while also comparing related treatment methods to emphasise the advantages of energy-based physical therapy for this condition.