2D in-Plane Ordered MXene Nanosheets Derived from (Mo _2/3 Er _1/3 ) ₂ AlC Rare-Earth i-MAX for Energy Storage Applications

MXenes have become one of the most versatile families of two-dimensional (2D) materials due to their high conductivity, hydrophilicity, and remarkable electrochemical performance. This has stimulated intense efforts to design and synthesize MXenes, including structurally unique in-plane ordered 2D MXenes called i-MXenes. Here, we have synthesized the quaternary rare earth (RE)-based i-MAX phase (Mo_2/3Er_1/3)₂AlC using an arc melting method, and the corresponding 2D i-MXene was then obtained through a LiF/HCl soft etching process. Literature studies have shown that Al and the RE element are etched out during the etching process, leading to the formation of pure vacancy-ordered Mo_1.33C 2D i-MXene. However, our investigation reveals that upon exposure to a fluorine solution, the i-MAX phase forms RE fluoride impurities, which are challenging to remove through HCl-DI water washing and persist in the final product, resulting in impure Mo_1.33C@Er i-MXene. These results were confirmed by various characterizations such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Although the Mo_1.33C@Er electrode showed a 24-fold increase in specific capacitance compared to its parent i-MAX phase, it still exhibited a high charge-transfer resistance arising from the insulating nature of RE fluoride byproducts, which adversely influence the overall capacitance behavior of the synthesized 2D Mo_1.33C@Er i-MXenes. This study contributes to identifying pathways for the preparation of pure 2D i-MXenes from RE-based i-MAX phases and developing improved synthesis methods. With additional process optimization, the 2D i-MXene holds a strong potential for electrochemical energy storage applications. Additionally, the electronic structures of Mo_1.33C were theoretically studied using first-principles density functional theory calculations, which revealed that pristine Mo_1.33C is metallic, and this metallic nature is preserved even with -O, -F, and mixed functionalization.