Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Approach for Biomedical Application

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have garnered significant attention in diverse scientific fields due to their unique chemical, physical, optical, and biological properties. Their applications span across antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial, and anticancer activities. Conventional methods for synthesizing ZnO NPs often rely on hazardous chemicals, energy-intensive processes, and high costs, limiting their biocompatibility and biological efficacy. In contrast, biogenic synthesis has emerged as a sustainable alternative, leveraging biological substrates such as plant extracts, microorganisms, and other natural derivatives. These biological materials act as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents, resulting in eco-friendly and bioactive ZnO NPs. This review highlights recent advancements in the green synthesis of ZnO NPs, detailing the roles of various biological sources in their production. It also explores the biological activities of ZnO NPs. Furthermore, the study underscores the potential of green ZnO NPs as therapeutic agents and their broader implications for sustainable nanotechnology. By offering a comprehensive overview of synthesis methods, application and characterization, this work provides a foundation for future innovations in the eco-friendly development and application of ZnO NPs in biomedical fields.