Miniature rose alleviates inflammatory bowel disease in mice by modulating gut microbiota, inhibiting TLR4, enhancing tight junction proteins, and promoting metabolism

MR ameliorates DSS-induced colitis through a multifaceted mechanism that involves coordinated regulation of the gut microbiota, restoration of the intestinal barrier, inhibition of inflammatory protein expression, and correction of metabolic dysregulation. These findings highlight the potential of MR as a multi-target therapeutic candidate and provide an experimental basis for its further preclinical and clinical evaluation in IBD.