Bidirectional interplay between periodontal disease and carotid artery disease: a comprehensive holistic review

While there is substantial biological plausibility for a link between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis, current evidence is insufficient to confirm a direct causal role, particularly in carotid artery disease. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms involved and determine whether periodontal treatment may contribute to cardiovascular risk reduction. The potential public health implications of these findings highlight the necessity for comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health interventions aimed at reducing associated systemic risks.