Optimization of engine performance in biodiesel blends enhanced with nanoparticles

The role of nanoparticles in advancing both research and practical applications is crucial at the present. This study focuses on the enhancement of engine performance and emission characteristics by incorporating titanium dioxide nanoparticles into biodiesel (BD) produced from cashew nut shell oil. The presence of nanoparticles facilitates smoother ignition and earlier combustion, resulting in reduced cylinder heat and high pressure during peak load conditions. BD blends with various proportions and a fixed 75 mg of nanoparticles were tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine with varying speeds. The emission characteristics of the blends were compared with those of conventional diesel. The mixture showed the best performance with an approximate brake thermal efficiency increase in 18%, a brake-specific fuel consumption decrease in about 21%, and carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions reduction owing to an approximate 32% and 28%, when compared to that of diesel. The introduction of BD blends like BD10 A in the presence of TiO2 additives can offer a cleaner-burning, renewable and more efficient source than diesel. The Whale Optimization Algorithm is also presented to reduce output responses, including fuel blend and load, at the same time through the analysis of the parameters in order to carry out optimal engine performance. The proposed algorithm would be contextually pointed out at its performance as compared with the Grasshopper, Dragonfly, Antlion, and Jaya algorithms.