Nanoparticle-driven therapeutic vaccines: recent advances and future challenges

Nanoparticle vaccines used nanoparticles like liposomes, virosomes, inorganic particles, and polymers in which drug molecules or active antigens are coated, encapsulated, and confined in particular structure. When these coated nanoparticles administrated in person’s body it induced immunity by increasing the maturation and activation of dendritic cells, which promote antigen presentation in cells that activate T and B cells. Nanoparticle vaccines are made of various sources like natural and artificial materials and different types of nanoparticles made depending on type of process used to manufacture. Artificial polymers synthesized by various methods like Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-block-poly (ethylene glycol), poly (lactic -co- glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), which used in drug delivery by active and passive methods for targeting tumor cells. Nanoparticle vaccine administrated by needle like microneedle arrays or intramuscular route and also use needle-free route like intranasal or oral. Nanoparticles face main challenges like toxicity of material, scalability, specificity of targeted tissues, and mostly are costly. By using nanotechnology, personalized vaccines and may give with combination of other therapies. This review gives an insight on the nanoparticles, their basic source, new development delivery methods and their challenges in coating and encapsulating antigens and future aspects of nanoparticles as drug delivery.