Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects of green silver nanoparticles in mosquito Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens larvae

Abstract Nanobiotechnology utilizes biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that render considerable potential application for sustainable control of mosquitoes and other vectors. This research explored findings on green-synthesized AgNPs from Senna ( Cassia angustifolia ) leaf extract regarding their biocidal efficacy against primary dengue and filariasis vectors, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens , respectively. The domain of sustainable vector control is emerging from nanobiotechnology. This is evident from the use of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from a phytochemical-rich herb extract. The analysis of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens larvae, which serve as the primary vectors of dengue and filariasis, was conducted to assess their bio-cidal activities. Using leaf extract from Senna, AgNPs were synthesized. Using phytoreduction, we synthesised silver nanoparticles, which were characterised by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The average diameter calculated using the Haiss equation ranged from 25 to 34 nm. After an incubation time of 60 minutes, the formation of nanoparticles was indicated from UV-Vis spectroscopy with a distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 460 nm and an absorbance of 0.32 a.u. At ten minutes to 0.54 A.U. at 60 minutes. When exposed to AgNPs at concentrations of 1.0 to 15 mg/L, both species showed 90% mortality in larvae at 12 to 16 mg/L. The LC₅₀ values where roughly 8-10 mg/L. Flow cytometry tests have shown significant cell death, with a 15 mg/L treatment concentration resulting in an 8-12% drop in viability. Validation of genotoxic mechanisms, including oxidative stress-mediated genomic damage, was supported by the alkaline comet assay, which showed substantial DNA strand breakage (80-90% at higher AgNP concentrations). Morphological examinations revealed marked developmental anomalies, including melanization, an abdominal degeneration of up to 60%, and total absence of ecdysis. Silver nanoparticles have diverse toxic effects. They can be used in integrated pest management as an effective and safer alternative to chemical pesticides.