Leg-specific modulation of muscle synergies during Tai Chi heel kick in elite athletes

During the Tai Chi heel-kick, the left and right legs share similar synergy composition but differ in temporal activation patterns and spinal segmental drive, suggesting leg-specific modulation within an overall conserved modular structure. Characterizing these timing asymmetries in highly trained athletes provides a neuromuscular reference for designing Tai Chi-based training drills targeting single-leg control and side-to-side balance, and offers a potential framework for tailoring lower-limb rehabilitation exercises that require coordinated support and kicking functions.