Microfluidic tools for electrochemical energy storage and conversion: advances, applications, and research opportunities

Electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems are essential in order to facilitate grid scale integration of renewable energy. Microfluidic systems can be a powerful tool in this respect to support and accelerate the development processes of diverse electrochemical technologies such as batteries, fuel cells, and electrolyzers. Among different applications, microfluidic systems can be considered as an analytical tool to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of various system components in real-time, gaining insight into the kinetic and mass transport losses of the system. Moreover, microfluidic cells can serve as testing platforms for screening new materials and evaluating test conditions, leading to the discovery of alternative catalyst materials and the identification of optimal design and test conditions. Microfluidic devices can also aid the synthesis of complex structures and nanomaterials that can be used as electrocatalysts in electrochemical systems. Therefore, adopting microfluidic tools for the development and optimization of electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems can accelerate the innovation process, enhance energy conversion efficiencies, and optimize the utilization of materials and resources. Overall, microfluidic cells pave the way for the next generation of electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems by providing a versatile, cost-effective, and rapid platform for fundamental studies and device optimization. This review compiles key advancements in microfluidic technology that offer valuable insights into system design and operation, accelerating development and guiding scale-up for more efficient and sustainable electrochemical devices.