Effect of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash on the sustainable performance of hot-mix asphalt: A case study of experimental and numerical analysis

The growing demand for sustainable road infrastructure has intensified the interest in alternative mineral fillers that reduce natural resource consumption and environmental impacts. This study investigates the use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA), an abundant agricultural by-product in sub-Saharan Africa, as a partial replacement for conventional mineral fillers in hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Unlike previous studies that considered SBA primarily as a minor additive, this study provides a systematic evaluation across a wide replacement range (0–16 %), combined with experimental testing and numerical validation. Marshall and indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests were conducted on HMA mixtures produced using locally sourced Nigerian aggregates and 60/70 penetration-grade bitumen. A three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of the ITS configuration was developed to corroborate the experimental response and identify stress concentration zones. results indicate that SBA improves both mechanical and volumetric performance within an optimal replacement range of 6–10 %, with peak performance of approximately 8 % SBA. Within this range, Marshall stability increased from 7.6 kN to 9.0 kN, the Marshall quotient reached 3.3 kN/mm, bulk density increased to 2.51 g/cm³, and air voids decreased from 4.9 % to 3.5 %, remaining within standard design limits. Microstructural analyses confirmed the predominance of amorphous silica and porous SBA morphology, which promoted enhanced filler–binder interactions and mixture densification. FEM predictions of peak tensile stress agreed with laboratory ITS results within 10 % and successfully reproduced observed crack initiation zones. Excessive SBA content (> 10 %) led to reduced stability and density owing to over-filling effects. The findings demonstrate that 6–10 % SBA is a technically viable and sustainable filler replacement for HMA, particularly in sugarcane-producing regions, offering improved performance alongside waste valorization and reduced reliance on quarry-derived fillers.