Combined Cavitation and Plasma in Water and Wastewater Remediation─A Review

As novel advanced oxidation processes, combined hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)/plasma and ultrasonic cavitation (UC)/plasma provide distinctive benefits for wastewater treatments, such as being minimal or free of additional additives, relevant fast processes with satisfactory outcomes, and maintaining biocell integrity while avoiding cytotoxin release, prolonged oxidation. A comprehensive review of hybrid processes is essential to recognizing the recent advances in this field, to improving awareness of the related mechanisms, and to guiding future work. Herein, this review presents the mechanisms, synergistic effects, the application, and the impact of critical factors of cavitation/plasma. Furthermore, environmental impacts are stated, and future perspectives are also recommended. Synergism occurred in both degradation and reactive species generation, indicating that cavitation/plasma systems represent one of the most effective hybrid technologies currently available for environmental water remediation.