Estimating costs of ecological restoration across degradation scenarios in South Brazilian grasslands

Abstract Introduction Grassland ecosystems are among the most threatened worldwide, and the Campos Sulinos —a region of subtropical grasslands in southern Brazil—experiences degradation driven by multiple factors. This study provides initial cost estimates for different restoration approaches, offering guidance for technical and budgetary planning. Objectives To estimate the costs of distinct grassland restoration strategies under three common degradation scenarios: (1) overgrazing, (2) invasion by Eragrostis plana , and (3) land conversion to annual crops. Methods Costs for three restoration approaches—(1) stocking rate adjustment, (2) chemical control combined with oversowing of cultivated forage species, and (3) introduction of native seeds associated with rotational grazing—were estimated using technical literature and data from restoration projects implemented on rural properties in the Campos Sulinos . Results Costs varied according to degradation intensity and the method employed. Restoration of overgrazed areas had the lowest cost (U.S. dollars [ USD] 1169.50/ha). Control of E. plana cost USD 5196.56/ha, whereas restoration of converted croplands was estimated at USD 4697.77/ha. Conclusions Low‐cost strategies are suitable for moderately degraded areas, while severely altered sites require higher investments. The estimated values are comparable to those reported for other ecosystems, and the use of native seeds, although still incipient in the region, appears economically feasible. Strengthening seed supply chains can support local economies and inform policy development. The results provide a stronger basis for restoration planning and highlight the need for permanent financing mechanisms for the Campos Sulinos .