Large-Area Fabrication of Holographic Metasurfaces Based on BaTiO ₃ Nanoparticle-Embedded Resins

Metasurfaces composed of subwavelength meta-atoms are promising platforms for next-generation optical technologies, including metalenses, holography, AR/VR displays, and biomedical imaging. Among these devices, metaholograms offer ultrathin form factors and high-resolution image reconstruction, but their practical implementation remains limited by material constraints and fabrication complexity. Although passive dielectric materials such as TiO2, Si3N4, and polymers provide high optical performance, the lack of intrinsic electro-optic tunability hinders progress toward dynamically reconfigurable metasurfaces, and fabrication methods such as electron-beam lithography remain costly and low throughput. In this work, we demonstrate a scalable and cost-effective route for fabricating high-performance metaholograms using nanoimprint lithography and a newly developed BaTiO3 nanoparticle-embedded resin (BTO PER). The BTO PER exhibits a high refractive index, low optical loss in the visible spectrum, and excellent nanoformability compatible with direct imprinting. Dispersing BTO nanoparticles into a thermally curable polymer matrix enables high-fidelity nanopattern transfer without vacuum-based processing while preserving the intrinsic ferroelectric characteristics of BTO after imprinting. The fabricated metaholograms achieve an optical efficiency of 38.6% at 450 nm, consistent with simulation, confirming efficient phase modulation by the engineered nanostructures. Furthermore, the preserved ferroelectric behavior suggests strong potential for future electrically tunable or reconfigurable metasurfaces, establishing a manufacturable and functionally versatile platform for visible-wavelength metaholograms and adaptive photonic devices.