Defender–attacker–defender model for power system resilience enhancement with protection invalidity and transmission switching

The defender–attacker–defender (DAD) model is widely used for the robust resilience enhancement of power systems. However, previous studies fail to account for time-varying component failure probabilities and assume invulnerable pre-event defenses. While this simplification avoids decision-dependent uncertainty (DDU) between decision-making stages, it introduces decision bias. Additionally, the benefits of chronological transmission switching (CTS) for in-event disaster mitigation remain underexplored. To address these issues, this paper integrates CTS into the DAD model’s in-event stage and employs probabilistic rather than deterministic criteria for damage scenario modeling. A hypothetical attack decision variable is introduced to reformulate the classical DAD structure, transforming DDU into decision-independent uncertainty (DIU). This modification eliminates the interaction between protection decisions and component failure rates. To effectively solve the model, a nested column-and-constraint generation (N-C&CG) algorithm is proposed. Extensive case studies on the IEEE RTS-79 test system and IEEE 118-bus system validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.