Visualization of Urban Digital Twins on the web with attribute-driven adaptive tiling

Despite growing use of 3D city models (3DCMs) and urban digital twins (UDTs), web tools for their processing and visualisation remain scarce. We present an interoperable, high-performance web application composed of a 3D tiler and a WebGPU viewer that enables scalable conversion, streaming, and rendering of urban datasets in compliance with open standards. The proposed system allows users to explore large-scale 3DCMs interactively without local installations. A showcase visualising quality-validation results for a 3DCM demonstrates practical value. Experiments confirm that 3D Tiles 1.1 standard enables scalable data management and richer interaction, whereas WebGPU offers up to 7x better rendering performance on modern hardware. By presenting this solution and usage example, we aim to foster development of next-generation web-based 3D geospatial, digital-twin, and metaverse solutions. • The first web-based pipeline is introduced that converts CityJSON models to OGC 3D Tiles 1.1 in a web-based way and renders them with WebGPU in the browser. • This study implements an adaptive tiler based on attributes that can prioritize semantic attributes for different use cases. • The capabilities of WebGPU are criticized for different hardware and various city models in different sizes. • The tiler produces standards-compliant 3D Tiles that can be loaded in third-party viewers (Cesium.js, 3DTilesRenderer.js), confirming interoperability across the web-GIS ecosystem.