Stopping the Leak: Endovascular Control of Renal AV Fistulas - A Case Series

Abstract Renal arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are uncommon vascular malformations, frequently iatrogenic following biopsies or other procedures, presenting with hematuria, pain, high-output cardiac failure or hypertension. Purpose: To evaluate the clinical presentations, imaging findings, embolization techniques, clinical and technical outcomes of endovascular embolization in patients with renal arteriovenous fistulas. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of patients with renal AVFs treated with endovascular embolization at our center between January 2024- November 2025. Patient demographics, etiology, clinical presentation, imaging findings, embolization techniques and outcomes were analyzed. Technical and clinical success rates, complications, and renal function preservation were assessed. Results: All achieved complete occlusion, symptom resolution with no major complications. These findings reinforce endovascular embolization as a first-line, kidney-sparing therapy for renal AVFs. Conclusion: Endovascular embolization is a safe and effective first-line treatment for renal AVFs, offering high technical and clinical success rates with minimal complications.