Spatio-Temporal Variation of Sea Surface Temperature, Chlorophyll-A, and Wind Direction on Euthynnus Affinis Fishing Productivity in Fisheries Management Area 712

Variations in oceanographic parameters such as sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a, and wind direction influence the productivity of small pelagic fisheries in tropical waters significantly. This study evaluates the spatio-temporal relationship between these three parameters and the productivity of Euthynnus affinis (E. affinis) in Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 712 during the period 2020–2024. SST and chlorophyll-a data were obtained from the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite, while wind data from ECMWF catches were compiled from Muara Angke Fishing Port. Spatial distribution showed that SST 29–30°C and chlorophyll-a concentration >1 mg/m³ were dominant in the north coast of Java, especially in years with high catches. Wind direction from the southeast at >4.5 m/s in 2020 and 2024 can trigger upwelling that increases water fertility. Temporally, the pattern of decreasing SST followed by a spike in chlorophyll-a strengthens the indication of this mechanism. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to assess the relationship of oceanographic parameters with catch. However, the combined model explained 29.3% of the deviation, and the relationship was not statistically significant (P> 0.05). These results suggest integrating additional oceanographic variables such as currents, salinity, and catch distribution. These findings support the importance of marine environmental monitoring for predicting the fishing season and adaptive and sustainable management of the tuna fishery in FMA 712.