Autonomic dysfunction and hemodynamic management after acute spinal cord injury: blood pressure targets, perfusion strategies, and emerging therapies

Hemodynamic management after SCI should be considered a therapeutic intervention that directly modifies secondary injury mechanisms. Refining MAP targets, expanding access to SCPP-guided care, and evaluating staged neuromodulation, could enhance precision and individualized care to improve long-term recovery. Large-scale multicenter trials will be essential to establish protocols that improve both neurological and cardiovascular outcomes after SCI.