Designing a Learning-Based Warming-Up Model for Football Courses

Football requires mastery of fundamental skills that are not only obtained through core training but also through effective warming up. However, warm-up activities used in learning are often conventional and lack integration with course materials. This study aimed to develop a learning-based football warm-up model using the ball as the main medium, providing physiological, technical, and psychological benefits simultaneously. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach, modified from Borg and Gall's steps into five stages: information gathering, product design, expert validation, small-scale field testing, and large-scale field testing. The subjects were physical education students, consisting of 30 participants in the small-scale trial and 100 participants in the large-scale trial. The instrument used was a basic football skill test by Nusri et al. (2022). The developed warm-up model consisted of 36 activities grouped into five components: ball feeling, passing, dribbling, shooting, and heading. Paired Samples T-Test analysis on five variables (np, nr, nd, nlp, and n_bp) showed significant differences between pretest and posttest scores (p < 0.01). This indicates that the developed warm-up model effectively improved students' fundamental football skills and cardiovascular endurance. The developed warm-up model is proven to be relevant to support learning outcomes in basic football skills and can serve as an innovative alternative in sports courses.