Multi-Model Comparison of Hydrologic Simulation Performance Using DWAT, PRMS, and TANK Models

This study compares the streamflow simulation performance of a semi-distributed hydrological model, DWAT (Dynamic Water Resources Assessment Tool), and two conceptual models, PRMS and TANK, across three watersheds in the Republic of Korea representing mountainous (Okdong-gyo), mixed-use (Wonbu-gyo), and urbanized (Daegok-gyo) conditions. All models were calibrated and validated using identical hydroclimatic datasets and evaluation periods to ensure a fair comparison. Model performance was evaluated using nine statistical metrics (R2, NSE, LogNSE, KGE, RMSE, MAE, RE, VE, and RSR), supplemented by low-flow analysis based on a Q90 threshold and non-parametric statistical tests. DWAT exhibited the most stable and highest overall performance across all watersheds, with particularly strong results in the urbanized Daegok-gyo basin (NSE = 0.85, R2 = 0.88). The TANK model performed best in the mixed-use Wonbu-gyo basin (NSE = 0.82, R2 = 0.83), whereas PRMS showed a systematic tendency to underestimate streamflow, especially under high-flow and low-flow conditions. Statistical comparisons using Friedman and post hoc Dunn tests confirmed that performance differences among models were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Overall, the results demonstrate that hydrological model performance strongly depends on watershed characteristics and provide a quantitative and statistically supported basis for selecting appropriate runoff simulation models according to basin type.