Development and validation of the Student Social Resilience Scale for Disasters (SSRD) among adolescents in disaster-prone areas

The objective of this study is to develop and validate the Student Social Resilience Scale for Disasters (SSRD) as a reliable instrument for measuring the social resilience of high school students in disaster-prone areas. Despite the growing global focus on the issue of resilience, there remains a paucity of instruments that are specifically capable of capturing the multidimensional nature of adolescent social resilience in the context of education, particularly in disaster-affected areas. The present study involved 800 students from high schools in Indonesia and employed Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to assess the psychometric quality of the SSRD. The EFA results identified three main dimensions, namely Individual, Relationship, and Contextual, while CFA confirmed the construct validity with excellent model fit indices (CFI = 0.968; TLI = 0.965; RMSEA = 0.055). Reliability analysis demonstrated high internal consistency across all dimensions (Cronbach's Alpha 0.925). Moreover, the second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the existence of a second-order construct in the individual factor. This construct was found to consist of self-efficacy and emotional regulation, problem-solving and adaptability, and motivation and perseverance. These findings confirm that SSRD is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring students' social resilience in disaster-prone contexts. In addition to its contribution to the development of theory through the integration of personal, relational, and contextual dimensions, this instrument also has practical implications for education policymakers and practitioners in the design of more targeted disaster education interventions and psychosocial support.