Etiology and early clinical predictors of neurological outcomes in pediatric spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage: a retrospective exploratory study

The etiologic distribution of pediatric sICH is markedly diverse, and the prognosis at 3 months is substantially influenced by both etiology and early clinical characteristics. Seizures at onset and secondary etiologies (such as infections and tumors) significantly increase the risk of poor outcome, whereas vomiting and higher GCS scores are associated with more favorable recovery. Early integration of etiologic classification and clinical presentation may enhance prognostic accuracy and guide individualized management strategies in pediatric sICH.