Enhancing microgrid profitability: ISSA-based optimization of thermal and renewable energy management with CHP considerations

This study develops a green-finance–oriented optimization framework for microgrid operation by integrating thermal units, renewable energy, and CHP systems using the Integrated Swarming Strategy Algorithm (ISSA). Four planning scenarios—probabilistic and randomized, with and without CHP—are evaluated under variable market prices and environmental constraints. ISSA achieved a 95.28 % success rate in reducing operational costs and consistently generated higher profits when aligned with carbon pricing and renewable subsidy mechanisms. The results show that combining ISSA optimization with green finance incentives significantly enhances microgrid profitability and sustainability. Future work will focus on climate-adaptive heating loads and carbon–neutral planning.