Maize seed quality attributes: Exploring genetic, agronomic, and environmental factors for sustainable improvement – A Systematic Review

Maize ( Zea mays L.) is a globally important staple crop, and seed quality plays a fundamental role in securing stable yields, resilience, and nutritional value, particularly in regions facing environmental challenges such as drought and soil nutrient depletion. This review aimed to identify and synthesize genetic, agronomic, and environmental factors that influence maize seed quality. Using a systematic approach based on PRISMA guidelines, relevant studies were selected from multiple regions including Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. Analysis revealed that genetic interventions, such as hybridization and genetic modifications, contribute to enhanced seedling vigour, yield stability, and improved nutrient content. Genotype × Environment × Management interactions significantly affect traits like seed composition and germination performance, with factors such as soil fertility and climate variability shaping outcomes. Breeding programs targeting stress tolerance and nutrient efficiency further support seed quality improvement. Sustainable agricultural practices, including precision agriculture, conservation tillage, and seed treatments, were found to enhance seed viability and performance under diverse environmental conditions. The findings suggest that integrating advanced breeding techniques, participatory approaches, and region-specific management strategies can strengthen maize seed quality. Continued investment in breeding programs, farmer education, and supportive policies is necessary to maintain progress. Improving maize seed quality not only contributes to resilient production systems but also holds potential to enhance food security and agricultural sustainability worldwide. https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n71 . • Hybrid vigour improves maize seed quality and yield stability. • G × E interactions shape seed traits under different soils and climates. • Stress-tolerant, nutrient-efficient hybrids boost seed performance. • Molecular breeding enhances resilience and seed nutritional value. • Sustainable farming and breeding raise maize seed production quality.